HERE ARE DR. QUON’S FAVORITE RESEARCH STUDIES DISCUSSING THE CONFIRMED CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FOLLOWING CHIROPRACTIC CARE
1) Chiropractic Changes the Prefrontal Cortex
2) Chiropractic improves proprioception (ankle joint position sense), postural stability (static posturography), sensorimotor function (choice stepping reaction time), multisensory integration (sound-induced flash illusion), and health-related quality of life (SF-36)
3) Chiropractic care increases in strength following spinal manipulation due to descending cortical drive to upper and lower limb muscles
4) Chiropractic care restores impaired early processing and/or integration of sensory input from the neck which influences motor processing in the cerebellum and/or primary motor cortex.
5) A single session of Chiropractic Care increased muscle strength and corticospinal excitability to ankle plantar flexor muscles in elite Taekwondo athletes. The increased MVC force lasted for 30 min and the corticospinal excitability increase persisted for at least 60 min.
6)Evidence that Chiropractic Adjustments reduce the TMS-induced cortical silent period and increases low threshold motoneuron excitability in the lower limb muscle, providing support that spinal manipulation can be used to strengthen muscles.
7) Chiropractic spinal adjustments may alter central processing of pain and unpleasantness.
8) Chiropractic care can be used to strengthen muscles and increase cortical drive in post-stroke rehabilitation.
9) 12 weeks of chiropractic care improved suppression of SEPs evoked by dual upper limb nerve stimulation at the level of the motor cortex, premotor areas, and/or subcortical areas such as basal ganglia and/or thalamus
10) Spinal manipulation appears to alter the net excitability of the low-threshold motor units, increase cortical drive, and prevent fatigue.
11) Results suggest that adjusting dysfunctional cervical segments in people with Subclinical Neck Pain can improve their upper limb Joint Position Sense accuracy
Haavik H1, Murphy B. Subclinical neck pain and the effects of cervical manipulation on elbow joint position sense. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011 Feb;34(2):88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.12.009.
12) Cervical spine adjustments may alter cortical somatosensory processing and sensorimotor integration. These findings may help to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the effective relief of pain and restoration of functional ability documented following chiropractic adjustments.
Haavik-Taylor H1, Murphy B. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Feb;118(2):391-402. Epub 2006 Nov 29. Cervical spine manipulation alters sensorimotor integration: a somatosensory evoked potential study.
13) Spinal manipulation of dysfunctional cervical joints may alter specific central corticomotor facilitatory and inhibitory neural processing and cortical motor control of 2 upper limb muscles in a muscle-specific manner. This suggests that spinal manipulation may alter sensorimotor integration.
Taylor HH1, Murphy B. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008 Feb;31(2):115-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.12.011. Altered sensorimotor integration with cervical spine manipulation.
14)Subclinical neck pain patients have altered Cerebellar Inhibition when compared with healthy controls, and chiropractic adjustment before a motor sequence learning task changes the cerebellar inhibition pattern to one similar to healthy control
Daligadu J1, Haavik H, Yielder PC, Baarbe J, Murphy B. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2013 Oct;36(8):527-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.08.003. Epub 2013 Sep 12. Alterations in cortical and cerebellar motor processing in subclinical neck pain patients following spinal manipulation.
15) This study suggests that cervical spine manipulation not only alters cortical integration of dual somatosensory input but also alters the way the central nervous system responds to subsequent motor training tasks. These findings may help to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the effective relief of pain and restoration of functional ability documented after spinal manipulation and the mechanism involved in the initiation of overuse injuries.
Haavik Taylor H1, Murphy B. The effects of spinal manipulation on central integration of dual somatosensory input observed after motor training: a crossover study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010 May;33(4):261-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.03.004.
16) Manual and surgical methods for correcting obstructions, as well as manipulation of blood and CSF flow, may help to restore or improve faulty craniospinal hydrodynamics in certain cases and decrease the prevalence, progression, and severity of neurodegenerative and other neurological conditions
Flanagan M. F. (2015). The Role of the Craniocervical Junction in Craniospinal Hydrodynamics and Neurodegenerative Conditions. Neurology research international, 2015, 794829. doi:10.1155/2015/794829 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681798/
17) This study demonstrated sympathetic relaxation and corresponding regional brain metabolic changes, as well as reduced muscle tone and decreased pain intensity following a chiropractic spinal adjustment.
18) Brain processing after Chiropractic Care may lead to physiological relaxation via a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity.
NEW*** 19) A decrease in conduction velocity suggests that spinal manipulation alters motor unit recruitment patterns with an increased recruitment of lower threshold, lower twitch torque motor units.
NEW*** 20) Chiropractic adjustments show increased functional connectivity in the brain in post-stroke patients
NEW*** 21) A single session of chiropractic adjustments increases the N30 SEP peak in chronic stroke patients, which may reflect changes in early sensorimotor function
CHIROPRACTIC & PERFORMANCE
1) A single session of chiropractic care resulted in increased plantar flexor muscle strength and cortical drive to the affected limb
Holt, K., Niazi, I. K., Nedergaard, R. W., Duehr, J., Amjad, I., Shafique, M., … Haavik, H. (2019). The effects of a single session of chiropractic care on strength, cortical drive, and spinal excitability in stroke patients. Scientific reports, 9(1), 2673. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39577-5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6389925/
2) Chiropractic adjustments improve reaction time in special operation forces military personnel.
DeVocht, J. W., Vining, R., Smith, D. L., Long, C., Jones, T., & Goertz, C. (2019). Effect of chiropractic manipulative therapy on reaction time in special operations forces military personnel: a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 5. doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3133-2
3) A single session of SM increased muscle strength and corticospinal excitability to ankle plantar flexor muscles in elite Taekwondo athletes. The increased MVC force lasted for 30 min and the corticospinal excitability increase persisted for at least 60 min.
Christiansen, T. L., Niazi, I. K., Holt, K., Nedergaard, R. W., Duehr, J., Allen, K., … Haavik, H. (2018). The effects of a single session of spinal manipulation on strength and cortical drive in athletes. European journal of applied physiology, 118(4), 737–749. doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3799-x
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